Observations of behavior without considering mental processes is called:

The term that refers to the observation of behavior without considering mental processes is behaviorism. This psychological approach focuses on understanding behavior through observable actions rather than diving into internal mental states or processes. Behaviorists believe that behaviors can be measured and analyzed objectively, which distinguishes this approach from others that take internal cognitive processes into account.

In contrast, functionalism explores the purpose of mental processes in adaptation, while structuralism focuses on breaking down mental processes into their most basic components. Cognitive psychology, on the other hand, specifically studies mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving. Behaviorism's emphasis on behavior as a reaction to environmental stimuli makes it a unique and fundamental concept in psychology, especially in terms of empirical research and the development of applied practices in behavior modification.